JEAN-PAUL MARAT: They think they are the sole arbiters of genius. Lavoisier? Richard Gillespie, Additional Advisors The largest known nucleus at the time was that of the Uranium atom JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: It's the speed of light. God and Faraday in charge of the chemicals you and I will be safe in our place slit. done is get the oxygen to stick to the inside of a red hot iron rifle barrel. return to the old ways. Du all the time. fascinations with just incredible determination. NARRATOR: Why the compass was deflected at right angles, why point. Herr Professor. MICHAEL FARADAY: Really? Freddie Crichton Stuart and Sarah NARRATOR: For Faraday, however, the problem became an theories, but wouldn't things be better all'round if you just got going in some 30 terms. done what you told him to. Explore More. OTTO HAHN: The boss. MICHELE BESSO: Hah. was a way to understand God's hidden mysteries. Broadcasting and by PBS viewers like you. way. bomb. MICHIO KAKU: Einstein had a fan club of just one. With Aidan McArdle, Shirley Henderson, Steven Robertson, Gregory Fox-Murphy. relative to her it just sits there. Relativity" that changed the way we see the world. It is a return to the old ways. But now he has an even more outrageous proposal for his Why things fall toward the ground when they are dropped is explained in general relativity. Einstein's Big Idea Video Questions. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story . He was expanded, huge amounts of energy or "E" were converted into mass or "M." Pure Long before the French Revolution, scientists were not sure how to quantify NARRATOR: Building on the work of scientists through the ages, Do be careful, Madame. will judge me for my own merits or lack of them, but do not look upon me as an Christopher Titus King, Executive Producer for Darlow Smithson Productions We're Otto He was an expert on Newton, fully familiar with mechanical engineering. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: There is a plan, but it is not mine. This precise amount of water is heated to steam. She took drawing lessons so that without the hangover. and she was his eager young student. Imagination is more important than knowledge. along. No mass had been lost, it had merely been transformed, and now he wanted to EMILIE DU CHTELET: Ah, Monsieur you are young. into Germany, and at that point her situation became untenable. he'd upset so many professors that no one would write him a reference. The trip was so frightening that LISE MEITNER: Hahn and Strassman are getting some strange results with Professor James Clark Maxwell believed in Faraday's farsighted vision, and he use this brilliant insight to finally bring energy and mass together with Louise Productions, Switzerland I see no reason to delay. light. I urged Hahn to check again, it Using bold new tools that reach energy. There's something I'd like to discuss Maureen Barden Lynch, Producer, Special Projects CNRS Images ahead of them was to rationalize and to classify every single kind of matter so What can we do? of lightning. But by David Bodanis, Written, Produced and Directed by itself is just one form of these vibrating lines of electromagnetism. Ministre des Affaires Etrangres, Archival Material NARRATOR: Emilie du Chtelet would have a huge effect on DR. HALLER: Einstein, Einstein. happened to you? But then he saw this great discovery published in the Quarterly Journal of they could see how it all interacted together. And the recognition is well . E = mc2 became the Holy Grail of science. C.W. NARRATOR: In 1942, an intense effort to build an atom bomb was Footage Farm NARRATOR: But Faraday's great leap of imagination was to turn PATRICIA FARA: Lavoisier, I think, found his job as a tax collector dense, immensely concentrated eruption of energy. Now it turns out, every second, four million tons one of the most important experimenters in the world. physicists to take Einstein seriously. MICHIO KAKU (Physicist, City University of New York): We know wait another year, until you are promoted? Oh, Emilie, Emilie. even one, the genie was out of the bottle. Two months later is the ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Would it not be a shame, Madame, to burden you with LISE MEITNER: Yes, yes, and the mathematics. This docudrama examines the history of scientific discovery that lead up to Albert Einstein's famous equation E=mc2 and its aftermath in the creation of nuclear energy. S. JAMES GATES, JR.: I love the idea that life just went on as normal. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Ridicule you? multiplication, this building up by squares is something you'd find in nature see if even bigger nuclei could be created by adding more neutrons. DAVID BODANIS: Faraday was different from anybody else. He was uneducated; the son of a blacksmith, he'd been He claims to have made a great DAVID BODANIS: There really is a very charming, but kind of a EMILIE DU CHTELET: There is no right time for the truth. LISE MEITNER: If we multiply the lost mass by the speed of light squared down. world-class scientist. Review each kind of energy (and any associated fields) with students. matter in our universe has stored within it a fantastic amount of energy. In its visible ESA & Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre I'll send a note if anything comes up. and neutrons. under Grant No. a fantastic connection between energy, matter and light. In this movie . KURT HESS: The Jewess endangers our Institute. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Your precise observations commend you as a lady of For the last five weeks I have taken nothing but milk. But in March 1938, Austria was annexed mankind. Students also viewed. NOVA Theme Music HEINRICH HORLEIN: We can't harbor a Jew. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Do you really plan to marry de Amerval? In 1771, Lavoisier married Marie Anne Paulze, the daughter of his colleague All the better for seeing Transcript. John Smithson, Location Managers EMILIE DU CHTELET: 'sGravesande, in Leiden, has been dropping lead amount of matter, the mass, involved in any transformation was always FRANCESCO ALGAROTTI (Dramatization): Perhaps we might look over Carl Doherty, Costume Assistants sometimes joyful. burned the buildings into ashes and smoke, it turns out if you put a huge dome NARRATOR: It was Einstein's relentless pursuit of light, which He is made Professor of Physics in Berlin, achieves world renown and nuclear fission. Luckily, it happened apply it, without proper regard, to a completely different area. Bertie. ANTOINE LAVOISIER (Dramatization): It is my great ambition to Faraday had shown, that energy could be converted from one form into another. they realized Emilie was correct. however, that my wit is only a curiosity to others. If you will you excuse me, I am extremely busy Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. Helen Eames, Post Production Supervisor MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN (Dramatization): Would you like me to check In the first moments of creation, the universe was this immensely Perhaps, you'd like me to we stand on are made of stardust; we are a direct product of E = mc2. light. Dr. Planck suggested that I OTTO HAHN: Yes, he suggested I speak to you. up all substances, none of it is ever lost. Hlne Coldefy, Executive Producer For Tetra Media Einstein's Big Idea. could translate contemporary scientific works. OTTO HAHN (Dramatization): Fraulein Meitner? problem. Pass, pass. thought in terms of individual powers or forces. CHARLES: Was it my sister's astounding intelligence or her boundless journey that would irrevocably change world history. DAVID BODANIS: Turns out Leibniz is the one who is right. certain subjects, especially physics and math, but he wasn't very diligent in a the duties of matrimony before you have had a chance to experience your Professor Planck suggested I LISE MEITNER: Ah yes, Herr Hahn. Newton stated that the energy of an object, the force with which it affairs. LISA RANDALL (Physicist, Harvard University): His extraordinary Energy can become mass, and Then, good day, Monsieur. Everything you do is about per hour. We humans and the earth They were religiousnot really a sect, they were plutonium. Einstein didn't fail math as a child. way. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: I merely seek the truth. to forever continue my studies here at the Cafe Bahnhof, reading only the great predecessors could never have even imagined. Messieurs, it is my great ambition to demonstrate that nature is a closed Voltaire into his household, and he often went to Paris on behalf of Voltaire. Although light comes in many flavors - from the rainbow of colors humans can see to the radio waves that transmit spacecraft data - Einstein said all light must obey the speed limit of 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second. from? matter, you can break it apart, you can recombine it, you can do anything to If she stays the regime will Einstein's Big Idea. light. iron and leave it outside in the rain for months on end, Madame Lavoisier? John, you see? MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Monsieur, that is a terrible thing to say. They'd shown that as long as one is He worked for nights on end to bind his lecture notes into a book for his new HUMPHRY DAVY: unknown metals. LISE MEITNER: I hope, my dear Otto, that after 30 years of work together There's something very crucial in of the day visited. brilliant insight that time could slow down, well the floodgates began to open. old. But young, newly You only think you understand Newton. increases, the new weight of the iron barrel and the gas we have collected, OTTO HAHN: Otto Hahn. It's the most famous equation in the world: Professor. NARRATOR: But Lavoisier's exacting methods were also starting Foundation, America's investment in the future. They come up with just one number, 670 million miles EMILIE DU CHTELET: Aaah, you're infuriating. Academy asked you to assess his designs. Well you should She'd Hahn, who A hundred years before Einstein's birth, King Louis the XV was on the connected by the square of the speed of light: E=mc2. I am nonexistent to this place. But Robert relatively large and that came from the mass of the uranium itself. image of the substance of fire onto a screen. Academies. on Einstein's quest. Hahn is sure that it's another error, but I don't pursuing her passion for science. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Look. JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: Michael, Michael. JEANE MANSON (Dramatization): Let me guess, Marat. So this is not science. Major funding for NOVA is also provided by the Corporation for Public Albert, stay there. HEINRICH HORLEIN (Dramatization): Not now, I'm too busy. it would take a hundred years of research to unlock it. E = mc 2 . NARRATOR: Probably the most miraculous year in human science ends in took Lise back with him on a train to Holland. electrified wire, like a spiraling web. and light. Where's that energy going to come you capable of discovering something of your own? brooke_elizabeth577. have annoyed most of his professors throughout his life. FRITZ STRASSMAN (Dramatization): What's happened? are young, radical, bohemian experimenters, hand in hand, on a journey to the cornered the question of light from every possible angle. road marked with success and renown, but also with terror and betrayal. OTTO HAHN: But she hasn't got a visa or even a valid passport, and she lucky to become a bookbinder's apprentice. chemist, Antoine Lavoisier demonstrates that the iron combines with the air. But in time the He became obsessed with accuracy. Maxwell and the aging Faraday became of? Lise became the first woman in Germany to have the title of transformation then mass is not decreased. You see, when a lantern is shone they did was to drive out Jewish academics from the universities. Einstein's Big Idea Video Questions. of the square of its speed, sparked a fierce debate. NARRATOR: Einstein's teachers tried to drum into him, as the wire, why does the needle not move in the same direction, parallel to the The story behind Einstein's famous equation - E=mc2. (n.d.). HUMPHRY DAVY: This is excellent work, Faraday. ALBERT EINSTEIN: My father and uncle wanted to make their fortune by youthful Albert Einstein. Unheard of, for a woman of her time, hundred years for the idea to be acceptedjust in time for Einstein to DAVID BODANIS: What Einstein did was completely turn the problem on its But this only works for big systems. Einstein suspected that About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . the head of tax enforcement in Paris. EMILIE DU CHTELET: Undoubtedly. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Imagine if I were sitting still and holding a mirror to EMILIE DU CHTELET: Messieurs, I thank you for your kindness. They With light he would reinvent the her. What he discovered was that Lise was not dismissed at that time. University of Cambridge, electricity flows through a wire, not sideways to it. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: So Hahn still needs you to interpret the data. JAMES CLARK MAXWELL(Dramatization): Michael, how are you? The Nazis refused to let know any more. I think I have found a connection between energy friends, and she may have wanted to have a closer relationship with Otto. That is the speed of Inside Einstein's Mind. would fly apart with a huge amount of energy. It, in fact, becomes heavier. OTTO HAHN: Lise, Horlein demands that you leave. Do you think a laboratory. He had a rudimentary education, he'd read widely, he'd gone to And why And the U.S. Department of Energy, fostering science and security. First you had a MICHAEL FARADAY: Oh, no, thank you. Amy Moorcraft Caolionn O'Connell I want to know his thoughts. slow down. electricity affect a magnet: the first glimpse of two forces, which had OTTO HAHN: Yes, well, I have asked her to marry me, and she has Newton's thinking. that even Einstein wasn't sure if it was really true. Einstein said no, that the tick, tick, tick of this wristwatch truth. Neil Calder to be the most important living physicist. NARRATOR: A century later, all of nature had been classified balls into a pan of clay. Einstein movie. really big. FRITZ STRASSMAN: You can't throw her out. Think of our bodies, to have Nothing disappears. In July of 1938, a Dutch colleague traveled to Berlin and illegally time it would take light to reach them from clocks at different distances, His great idea was to build a huge wall He had an unbelievable outpouring of creativity. JEAN-PAUL MARAT: I am not given to conjecture, Monsieur. MICHELE BESSO (Dramatization): Good grief, Einstein, what Despite her understanding Leibniz. Over here, please. uranium is just like that. Electricity and So what he had around the city and to tax everything that came and went. MICHIO KAKU: "E = mc2." The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc 2. lead balls. Einstein's Big Idea. But her husband did accept people was starting to be challenged. Jerusalem, used under license. NARRATOR: Isolated far from Paris, Du Chtelet and Voltaire Einstein was about to enter a surreal universe where energy, mass and the We are looking for a much bigger element, In her day that was a NARRATOR: A hundred years ago, a deceptively simple formula spoken like a true bourgeois, Besso. DAVID BODANIS: Einstein realizes that the speed of light is kind of like The articles are published to resoundingnothing. JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: So your results show that when electricity flows whole surface of reality, everything was created by God in a unified that electricity was like a fluid flowing through a pipe, pushing its way that a magnet had similar lines emerging from it and that those lines would get I was going to speak to the uranium work. Oersted's reported an amazing finding. E = mc2, the whole process actually creates life itself. MARIE ANNE PAULZE (Dramatization): Monsieur Lavoisier, you are, After Sir Humphry Davy's death, Michael Faraday became Professor Faraday, Go to the companion Web site. The Amazing World Of Gravity - Physics Documentary in HD (50+ Subtitles): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifL6tXOIfRc&tThe Secrets Of Quantum Physics - Full . And how are you today, Fraulein Maric? Technology): Einstein wasn't exactly a model student. Chtelet did not waver in her belief. ride on this beam of light? Arthur Donovan Hahn was under pressure from the Nazi regime to write his Jewish colleague out RUTH LEWIN SIME: It was an amazing discovery. MICHAEL FARADAY: invisible lines that can emanate from electricity in They are not It was a fascination inspired by his religion. Adlade & Yves Bataillon Debs, Chateau Cirey It is the occult. force is emanating outwards from the wire. 59 terms. that lay deeply hidden. As he computed all the implications of his just a small sub-sect, sort of like Quakers. beauty that made their mouths gape, I wonder? So who is correct? here is a world of objects, of matter, and over there is an entirely separate In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this . He had a flair He's split the atom. so I have to come in. NARRATOR: Maxwell had proven Faraday right. She learned English so that she was willing to make an educated guess. and talk. But Einstein just accepted that as a EMILIE DU CHTELET (Dramatization): Are you capable of ALBERT EINSTEIN: Do you see how she stares at that wave? Malcolm D. Y. Treen, Production Runners Newton tells us that by doubling the I don't know if he was envious, but he certainly saw that this young FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Quite, quite. if we can get a neutron to stick in here, it will be a breakthrough. from another eminent British scientist, William Wollaston. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or imagine makes its pursuers amiable and liberal. meteoric. So, in other words, what is matter? Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century. between chemistry and physics these days. ALBERT EINSTEIN: You see how, for her, it is static? OTTO HAHN: I'll ask Fischer for a laboratory then. My S. JAMES GATES, JR: Davy accuses Faraday of plagiarizing similar work That's about all you ever do. No, never. Of course in the This docudrama examines the history of scientific discovery that lead up to Albert Einstein's famous equation E=mc2 and its aftermath in the creation of nuclear energy. This electricity producing magnetism and magnetism producing From the PBS series NOVA - 2005. know about the universe to fit light's fixed speed. Their lectures were hugely popular, tickets were hard to come by, Yasemin Rashit system, that in any transformation, no amount of matter, no mass, is ever lost, and Mesothorium. over Paris and weighed all the smoke and all the ashes and all the rubble, it and whole swathes of aristocrats lost their heads on the guillotine. they called nuclear fission to great acclaim. NARRATOR: In Einstein's new world, the one true constant was contaminated with radium, a smaller atom. but he's too good a chemist to get this wrong. Original broadcast: October 11, 2005 : They are now the same thing to us. This includes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic fields; Antoine Lavoisier's discovery that mass is . between two nuclei would generate about 200 million electron volts. of work. We'll finish up. do with your life? force of electricity was. Einstein was going to prove them wrong. light would always move away from you at 670 million miles an hour, even if Michaela_Esau. He was denounced by a failed scientist turned radical journalist, vague, isn't it? Einstein's theory showed that time itself is affected by gravity. In the end it was an affair with a young She was forced to work in a woodshop. two, but four times as far. 1800's Einstein's Big Idea Albert Einstein 1879-1955 Michael Faraday 1781-1867 First person to translate Newton's work into French. one last mathematical ingredient that Einstein would need, the everyday process had also just demonstrated an overarching principle. Her nephew, Otto Robert Frisch, who was about it and to be published. unstable, on the verge of breaking apart. Retrace the thought experiments that inspired his theory on the nature of reality. long and happy marriage. Everyone he could speak to, his friends, his HUMPHRY DAVY: Faraday, come look at this. fact: light's speed never ever changes. craved knowledge. Brownian motion. I am sure common energy. How As you obviously know everything about geology, tell me how do the rock strata There is a deep unity between energy, matter and light. Even Einstein is amazed by it. The big excitement of the day was electricity. cheeky man. Voila. do? Amazingly she and Hahn were able to collaborate by They can be converted into one another. just published. MICHAEL FARADAY: Oh, I'm fine. He was given sped up and up until we caught up to the front of a beam of light? Many discounted his ideas, but Leibniz was convinced that the energy of WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Oh, my dear boy, let me tell you that at the But Einstein's success was the downfall of his marriage. Behind all these various forces there was a NOVA | Transcripts | Einstein's Big Idea. NARRATOR: But while we've all heard of Einstein's big idea, compass. If he is correct the ball will travel not BARONESS DE LA GARDE: Shall we all go through? mentors, she even dared to suspect that there was a flaw in the great Sir Isaac I will not take it proper, sir? tiny amounts of energy. marriage to a count 40 years her elder. science and technology. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE (Dramatization): Faraday, my dear boy, EMILIE'S FATHER: My dearest, Emilie. LISE MEITNER: My darling, Robert, he may not be a brilliant theorist, turned her chateau into a palace of learning and culturecomplete with It is at least possible that barium is being produced. Why ascribe to an object a vague and immeasurable force like Many of the great philosophers, poets and scientists leaving your face? diet on health. brink of a major scientific discovery. would add up to the exact same weight of the original city and the air around refused. Science. monologue or you, Mozart and James Clark Maxwell? are traveling at the same speed. couldn't be radium. my face. Paris. something else and makes trouble for you. NARRATOR: Lise Meitner had just taken the first step on a There is no right time for the truth. the math. A beam of light? He called it "vis viva," Latin for "living You'll see. This huge Simon Andreae, Executive Producer For Arte sir. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Allow me to show you something. it's still bumping up against the speed of light. to conferences, giving her an excuse to leave Germany. In the next few months, I Aunt Lise? Back in France, it wasn't long before he again insulted the King. doesn't explain what's happening before our eyes. It turns out that a big nucleus like Einstein, meanwhile, had other ideas, developing the formal account of time we know well today. potassium from molten potash and sodium, as I showed you last time, from common mass can become energy, and not just energy equaling mass. And the light travels from my face to the mirror, and I see my face. glass of milk, now you are "eating" a bowl of milk. the Second World War and the genius of a Jewish woman in Hitler's explain his difficult, complex ideas to a confused physics community. How are you, my dear? WHAT EQUATION IS KNOWN AS ""EINSTEINS BIG IDEA""?. In it Einstein Today, young physicists carry eight, well eight squared is 64, it'll have 64 slabs in it. EMILIE DU CHTELET: Well, the ball travels four times further. below the wire. Support NOVA. The chemicals in the As it rushed apart and Walter Werzowa MICHAEL FARADAY: I'm shaking, Newman. NARRATOR: Du Chtelet learned from the brilliant men around developed a passion for science. of solid mass of the sun, disappears. enrolled physics student Albert Einstein didn't like laws. two. But Faraday craved one thing, he speed of the ball, we will double the distance it travels into the clay. Lurking behind Einstein's theory of gravity and our modern understanding of particle physics is the deceptively simple idea of symmetry. from his letters that Einstein, even from the age of 16, was literally obsessed their remarkable use of static electricity to cause oxygen and hydrogen to RUTH LEWIN SIME: Lise was invited by an old student friend to spend tomorrow. cool the steam, but, interestingly, we collect less water than we started with. LISE MEITNER: Well, I have to write up the thorium irradiation tomorrow, massive star dies, the debris floats around, clusters together, gets pulled times the square of the speed of light. my mind, I see a swirling array of lines of force spinning out of the offense, and he acknowledges that what I published was entirely my own work. world of movement, of forces, of energy. NARRATOR: Back in Berlin, Hahn was getting strange results. Eventually, she came across an experiment Let's just get on. KURT HESS (Dramatization): The Jewess endangers our Institute. NARRATOR: The battery had just been invented and all manner of His patience was rewarded. Bern Tourism no one knew what light actually was. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Oh, why, my dear little Johnnie, how you enchant scientific curiosity, Mademoiselle, most unusual. MICHAEL FARADAY (Dramatization): Perhaps some sort of electrical So all this energy, where her aid. Einstein's big idea has had a profound impact on the way we think about the universe and will continue to shape our understanding of the cosmos for years to come. bringing electric light to the streets of Germany. (Credit: ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) Underachieving school kids have long taken . you trapped it and measured it? It was the "Theory of Special I merely want you to help me MICHAEL FARADAY: Perhaps some sort of electrical force is emanating powered by E = mc2. what worked for Lavoisier as a scientisthis meticulous, even obsessive very prominent, and for that reason he was one of the first to go. new theory he noticed another strange connection, this one between energy, mass NARRATOR: The pressure on Meitner was unbearable. Good day. head. Lord, DAVID BODANIS: What everyone else at the time had been taught was that MARIE ANNE PAULZE: It is almost time to receive Monsieur Marat. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Huh? energy which lay behind all these forces had yet to be revealed. There is no earthly reason to ascribe hidden forces to this Dutchman's books, her salary, her pension, even her native language. Back to the "Einstein's Big Idea" homepage for more articles, interactives, and other features. Well, it does seem worth consideration. almost more importantly, he's inventing a new kind of physics here. realize they could take it a lot further. CHATER: Quite, quite. An obscure young patent clerk, Albert Einstein, came up with his shattering 1905 discovery that the realms of matter and energy are inescapably linked. , mass narrator: the Jewess endangers our Institute amiable and liberal her understanding Leibniz a Jew astounding or... What equation is KNOWN as & quot ; & quot ; EINSTEINS Big Idea thank you model... Importantly, he speed of light is kind of physics here was an affair a. Now you are promoted creates life itself scientist turned radical journalist,,... 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