[163] The photos show the descent stage of the landers from each mission on the Moon's surface. Typical delays in communication were about 0.5 seconds. 2. Rule 2 does not apply when replying to this stickied comment.. Rule 2 does apply throughout the rest of this thread.. What this means: Please keep any "meta" discussion directed at specific users, mods, or r/conspiracy in general in this comment chain only.. [117] The Apollo 11 telemetry tapes were different from the telemetry tapes of the other Moon landings because they contained the raw television broadcast. Marcus Allen, a conspiracist, answered that no photos of hardware on the Moon would convince him that human landings had happened. [189][190], A 2000 poll conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation[ru] () in Russia found that 28% of those surveyed did not believe that American astronauts landed on the Moon, and this percentage is roughly equal in all social-demographic groups. In April 2001, Leonard David published an article on space.com,[157][158] which showed a photo taken by the Clementine mission showing a diffuse dark spot at the site NASA says is the Apollo 15 lander. There should have been more than a two-second delay in communications between Earth and the Moon, at a distance of 400,000km (250,000 miles). [3] The station included several large test facilities besides the reactor, including liquid hydrogen facilities for development and testing of the Centaur upper stage. Two of the above, X-15 pilot Mike Adams and MOL pilot Robert Lawrence, had no connection with the civilian crewed space program that oversaw the Apollo missions. [120], In July 2009, NASA indicated that it must have erased the original Apollo 11 Moon footage years ago so that it could re-use the tape. Mass media have a terrible impact on people who lack guidance. 7. Activities at the reactor were terminated immediately, and the other facilities would shut down by fiscal year 1974. The sites, which had been exposed to the elements for years, were beyond restoration. The documentary reinvigorated the public's interest in conspiracy theories and the possibility that the Moon landings were faked, which has provoked NASA to once again defend its name. NASA Plum Brook Station In-Space Propulsion Facility Test Stand Characterization Hot Fire Test A test facility modification to enable small scale altitude propulsion testing at the NASA Glenn Research Center's In-Space Propulsion (ISP) Facility was verified with a hot fire test campaign. David Scott drops a hammer and feather on the Moon, 1. Despite the undeniably impressive facilities at Plum Brook, the station has its problems. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. Some staff members found new positions at Lewis, but hundreds of others were soon out of work. Plum Brook Station is a test facility for NASA's Glenn Research Center. [Meta] Sticky Comment. Nevertheless, Opration Lune is still taken at face value by some conspiracy believers. As of September2021[update], four of the twelve Apollo astronauts who landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972 are still alive, including Buzz Aldrin. The mockumentary based on this idea, Dark Side of the Moon, could have fueled the conspiracy theory. Meanwhile Plum Brook continued worked to complete several tests during this period, including testing of the Centaur Standard Shroud for the upcoming Viking mission. [132] The Soviet LK lunar lander was tested in uncrewed low-Earth-orbit flights three times in 1970 and 1971. [151][152] In November 2002, Peter Jennings said "NASA is going to spend a few thousand dollars trying to prove to some people that the United States did indeed land men on the Moon," and "NASA had been so rattled, [they] hired [somebody] to write a book refuting the conspiracy theorists." Lewis set up a job placement office at Plum Brook to assist those affected. ESA now is planning to build a test stand in Europe to accommodate such tests, the IG wrote. 1. The reactor and Rocket Systems Area remained shuttered. Because von Braun was a former SS officer (though one who had been detained by the Gestapo),[170] the documentary film Did We Go? The radio telescope at Parkes Observatory in Australia was able to receive the telemetry from the Moon at the time of the Apollo 11 moonwalk. [151] Oberg said that he meant to finish the book. [159] "Given SMART-1's initial high orbit, however, it may prove difficult to see artifacts," said Foing in an interview on space.com. The flag placed on the surface by the astronauts fluttered despite there being no wind on the Moon. "[16] In A Man on the Moon,[17] first published in 1994, Andrew Chaikin mentions that at the time of Apollo 8's lunar-orbit mission in December 1968,[18] similar conspiracy ideas were already in circulation.[19]. Glenn began making plans to remove a number of its old test sites, including the Rocket Systems Area at Plum Brook. Plum Brook is currently . Offer subject to change without notice. One passage on how Kubrick was supposedly coerced into the conspiracy reads: NASA further leveraged their position by threatening to publicly reveal the heavy involvement of Mr. Kubrick's younger brother, Raul, with the American Communist Party. [123] Senior engineer Dick Nafzger, who was in charge of the live TV recordings during the Apollo missions, was put in charge of the restoration project. In 2007 the Cryogenic Components Laboratory replaced K Site. Moon landing conspiracy theoriesclaim that some or all elements of the Apollo programand the associated Moon landingswere hoaxesstaged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month. The job placement activities went well, but the attempts to elicit outside interest in Plum Brook failed. The many allegations in Kaysing's book effectively began discussion of the Moon landings being faked. These beautiful wineries were at the center of Lake Erie's "grape belt" back when the Midwest dominated American wine production. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds hidden wonders. This implies that the world's major observatories (as well as the Hubble Program) are complicit in the hoax by refusing to take photos of the landing sites. An article titled "Stanley Kubrick and the Moon Hoax" appeared on Usenet in 1995, in the newsgroup "alt.humor.best-of-usenet". The conspiracy would have to involve more than 400,000 people who worked on the Apollo project for nearly ten years, the 12 men who walked on the Moon, the 6 others who flew with them as command module pilots, and another 6 astronauts who orbited the Moon. 2. The war was one of several federal budget items with which NASA had to compete; NASA's budget peaked in 1966, and fell by 42% by 1972. According to James Longuski, the conspiracy theories are impossible because of their size and complexity. Original photo of Buzz Aldrin during Apollo 11, The more famous edited version. [2][3] In 2012, images were released showing five of the six Apollo missions' American flags erected on the Moon still standing. Credit: NASA. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. One of the old tapes has been sent to NASA for analysis. Blueprints and design and development drawings of the machines involved are missing. In addition, the center decided to begin removing the Plum Brook Ordnance Works (PBOW) concrete bunkers that had stored munitions during World War II and NASA records and equipment in later years. In terms of spacecraft hours, the USSR had 460 hours of spaceflight; the United States had 1,024 hours. The photo of the Apollo 14 landing site also shows tracks made by an astronaut between a science experiment (ALSEP) and the lander. The reactor was originally planned for the NACA nuclear airplane project. [145], In July 2009, Weidner posted on his webpage "Secrets of the Shining", where he states that Kubrick's The Shining (1980) is a veiled confession of his role in the scam project. The Apollo samples are easily distinguishable from both meteorites and Earth rocks[6] in that they show a lack of hydrous alteration products, they show evidence of having undergone impact events on an airless body, and they have unique geochemical traits. DESIGN OF THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER'S WORLD-CLASS REVERBERANT ACOUSTIC TEST FACILITY . The exception is that of Apollo 11, which has lain on the lunar surface since being blown over by the Lunar Module Ascent Propulsion System. [39] There was in fact no video broadcast during either the landing or takeoff because of technological limitations. Much third-party evidence for the landings exists, and detailed rebuttals to the hoax claims have been made. Film in the cameras would have been fogged by this radiation. The criminal conspiracy involved distributing fentanyl and other similar substances from Canada and China into the United States, resulting in 15 overdoses, four of which were fatal. 5. Moon Landings? Even as late as 2001, the Fox television network documentary Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? The site where Michigan launched its first rocket into space lies abandoned in the dense woods along Lake Superior. In August 2021, the facility was renamed to honor Apollo astronaut and Ohio native Neil Armstrong. The launch and splashdown would be real but the spacecraft would stay in Earth orbit and fake footage broadcast as "live from the Moon." . The deaths were an accident. As a result, Lewis partnered with the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) to construct a series of experimental large horizontal axis wind turbines. The worlds most powerful spacecraft acoustic test chamber, its capable of simulating the noise of a spacecraft launch up to 163 decibels, or as loud as the thrust of 20 jet engines. Opinion polls taken in various locations have shown that between 6% and 20% of Americans, 25% of Britons, and 28% of Russians surveyed believe that the crewed landings were faked. But going to the Moon would be risky and expensive, as exemplified by President John F. Kennedy famously stating in a 1962 speech that the United States chose to go because it was hard. NASA officials were happy to get the business and hope it will be. The CMA will connect the capsule to the ESA (European Space Agency)-provided service module for the spacecraft's next mission, Exploration Mission-1. Overall, however, Plum Brook remained quiet. A majority of the test facilities are underutilized, with the level of use and funding for these facilities depending on NASA programs and external customers choosing to perform testing at Plum Brook rather than at other NASA or private facilities, the IG wrote in the 28-page report, Audit of NASAs Requirements for Plum Brook Station.. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. NASA said that von Braun's mission was "to look into environmental and logistic factors that might relate to the planning of future space missions, and hardware. A street in front of NASA's D.C. headquarters has been named in honor of the Black women who were essential to early spaceflight. The first was a 100-kW experimental wind turbine at Plum Brook that Lewis researchers erected and operated. 2022-2023 NASA Plum Brook Station Deer Hunt is Canceled The 2022-2023 NASA Plum Brook Station (now named the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility) Deer Hunt, managed jointly by NASA and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife, is canceled. This would have been an intolerable embarrassment to Mr. Kubrick, especially since the release of Dr. Strangelove. On the demolition front, although Plum Brook has torn down 18 buildings and structures since 2012 reducing the annual maintenance costs in the process there is still a backlog of repairs Glenn has put off at the Sandusky campus because it does not have the roughly $55 million it would cost to undertake them, according to the IG. Conspiracists often use this evidence to suggest that objects were "pasted" over the photographs, and hence obscure the reticle. You should see the reCAPTCHA field below. [a][15] Folklorist Linda Dgh suggests that writer-director Peter Hyams' film Capricorn One (1978), which shows a hoaxed journey to Mars in a spacecraft that looks identical to the Apollo craft, might have given a boost to the hoax theory's popularity in the post-Vietnam War era. This direct TV signal, along with telemetry data, was recorded onto one-inch fourteen-track analog tape at Parkes. [9][10] He served as head of the technical publications unit at the company's Propulsion Field Laboratory until 1963. The Apollo 16 crew could not have survived a big solar flare firing out when they were on their way to the Moon. Two of these a wind tunnel called the Hypersonic Test Facility, and the Cryogenic Components Laboratory, which is now slated for demolition have not been used in four years, the IG wrote. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Here, highly specialized facilities allow NASA and the. All rights reserved. Several scenes in 2001 show dust billowing as spacecraft landed, something that would not happen in the vacuum environment of the Moon. Spacecraft Snoops Apollo Moon Sites", "World's biggest telescope to prove Americans really walked on Moon", "How to find Apollo 11's landing site on the Moon", "The "halo" area around Apollo 15 landing site observed by Terrain Camera on SELENE (KAGUYA)", "Chandrayaan sends images of Apollo 15 landing", "Chandrayaan's moon findings: Water, rocks and traces of Apollo", "China publishes high-resolution full moon map", "Martian Meteorite Launch: High-Speed Ejecta from Small Craters", "Lunar South Pole-Aitken Sample Return (2002)", "Sample Return Mission to the South Pole Aitken Basin", New Views of the Moon II: Understanding the Moon Through the Integration of Diverse Datasets, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "NASA's LRO Team Helps Track Laser Signals to Russian Rover Mirror", "Landing a Man on the Moon: The Public's View", Institution of Engineering and Technology, "Man on the Moon: A Case of Mass Brainwashing", "Attitudes Toward Space Exploration Ipsos Poll on Behalf of C-SPAN Belief in Authenticity of the 1969 Moon Landing", Bruce M. Nash (Executive Producer, Writer), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories&oldid=1141029494, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 00:31. [135] This computer had 96kB of memory. NASA refers to the rocks and particles collected from the Moon as being evidence of the program's legitimacy, as they claim that these rocks could not have been formed under conditions on Earth. [140][141] All of the deaths occurred at least 20 months before Apollo 11 and subsequent flights. Longuski argues that it would have been much easier to really land on the Moon than to generate such a huge conspiracy to fake the landings. [163] Photos of the Apollo 12 landing site were released by NASA on September 3, 2009. + NASA Home > Centers > Glenn Home > About Glenn > Testfacilities 4. The tapes are believed to have been stored rather than re-used. NASA responds to Bill Kaysing's book, We Never Went to the Moon, by identifying one of his claims of fraud regarding the lack of a crater left on the Moon's surface by the landing of the lunar module, and refuting it with facts about the soil and cohesive nature of the surface of the Moon. Whether funds continue to pour into Plum Brook Station remains to be seen. The Moon rocks also share the same traits as Soviet samples.[169]. Some main arguments (set in plain text) and counter-arguments (set in italics) are listed below. Photography experts (including those unrelated to NASA) have replied that the oddities are consistent with what should be expected from a real Moon landing, and are not consistent with tweaked or studio imagery. These may be labeled studio props. The presence of retroreflectors (mirrors used as targets for Earth-based tracking lasers) from the Laser Ranging Retroreflector Experiment (LRRR) is evidence that there were landings. Furthermore, most are more than 200 million years older than the oldest Earth rocks. NASA has budgeted two SLS launches, one in 2018 and one in 2021, and will rely on a modified Delta 4 cryogenic upper stage for both missions. [11], Vince Calder and Andrew Johnson, scientists from Argonne National Laboratory, have given detailed answers to conspiracists' claims on the laboratory's website. The center completed the effort with the demolition of the H Control Building, K Sites control building, and the J5 hortonsphere in late 2012. Nafzger praised Lowry for restoring "crispness" to the Apollo video, which will remain in black and white and contains conservative digital enhancements. NASA also notes that all of the operations and phases of the Apollo program were closely followed and under the scrutiny of the news media, from liftoff to splashdown. + More NASA Facts. 7. [185] Officials of the Fox network said that such skepticism rose to about 20% after the February 2001 airing of their network's television special, Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?, seen by about 15 million viewers. [33] Since most conspiracists believe that sending men to the Moon was impossible at the time,[34] they argue that landings had to be faked to fulfill Kennedy's 1961 goal, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. Layer by Layer: A Mexico City Culinary Adventure, Sacred Granaries, Kasbahs and Feasts in Morocco, Monster of the Month: The Hopkinsville Goblins, How to Grow a Dye Garden With Aaron Sanders Head, Paper Botanicals With Kate Croghan Alarcn, Writing the Food Memoir: A Workshop With Gina Rae La Cerva, Reading the Urban Landscape With Annie Novak, Making Scents: Experimental Perfumery With Saskia Wilson-Brown, Secret Nun Cookies at Monasterio del Corpus Christi, Wonder Is Everywhere: Civil War Gold, a New Moai, and More From Around the Web, The Woman Preserving the Endangered Cuisine of Indian Jews, How a Lone Researcher Faced Down Millions of Army Ants on the March in Ecuador, Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex, https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/testfacilities/index.html, https://www.portman.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=B692881D-A7BD-4FCC-BCE1-6083C79CB14F, https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/07/14/spacexs-first-space-worthy-crew-dragon-capsule-arrives-at-cape-canaveral/, https://spacenews.com/nasa-ig-scrutinizes-seldom-used-plum-brook-test-facilities/, https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-flight-news/nasa-plum-brook-station-gearing-b-2-facility-future-upper-stage-lander-rocket-tests/. 2. Note the near-transparency of the exhaust, even in air (water is being sprayed up from below), Atlas uses non-hypergolic kerosene (RP-1) fuel which gives a bright and very visible exhaust, 1.5MN (340,000lbf) of thrust, Bright flame from first stage of the Saturn V, burning RP-1, 3. Why was this fact never dicussed [sic] in the press or by the astronauts? [48] With the number of people involved, and noting the Watergate scandal, Jillette noted that someone would have outed the hoax by now. At least some of the telemetry tapes from the ALSEP scientific experiments left on the Moon (which ran until 1977) still exist, according to Dr. Williams. After that was cancelled in 1961, it became the primary NASA facility for space-related nuclear energy research and development. While the LRO images have been enjoyed by the scientific community as a whole, they have not done anything to convince conspiracists that the landings happened. NASA and ERDA constructed larger wind turbines at other sites around the country to study the integration of wind energy into the local power grids. Since 2012, Plum Brook Station has received about $31 million in annual funding from NASA, most of which comes from the agency's Construction and Environmental Compliance account the budget. The leading candidate at this point, the IG wrote, is NASAs Space Launch System. By the time of Apollo 11, the United States had a lead much wider than that. [117][118], Dr. David R. Williams (NASA archivist at Goddard Space Flight Center) and Apollo 11 flight director Eugene F. Kranz both acknowledged that the original high-quality Apollo 11 telemetry data tapes are missing. This suggests that artificial lights were used. We will get in touch with you shortly. Plum Brook Station is located about eight miles from Sandusky, Ohio. Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility (B-2), Cryogenic Propellant Tank Facility (K-Site), World's Largest Vacuum Chamber to Test Orion, + Budgets, Strategic Plans and Accountability Reports, + Equal Employment Opportunity Data Posted Pursuant to the No Fear Act, + Information-Dissemination Priorities and Inventories. The NASA Space Environmental Test (SET) Project is tasked to develop new environmental test facilities to support NASA's developing space exploration program. Baron was a quality control inspector who wrote a report critical of the Apollo program and was an outspoken critic of NASA's safety record after the Apollo 1 fire. The angle and color of shadows are inconsistent. Dgh sees a parallel with other attitudes during the post-Watergate era, when the American public were inclined to distrust official accounts. The slow-scan television images were not on the tape. The Plum Brook Reactor was a NASA 60 megawatt water-cooled and moderated research nuclear reactor,[1][2] located in Sandusky, Ohio, 50mi west of the NASA Glenn Research Center (at that time the NASA Lewis Research Center) in Cleveland, of which it was organizationally a part. [151], In 2004, Martin Hendry and Ken Skeldon of the University of Glasgow were awarded a grant by the UK-based Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council to investigate Moon landing conspiracy theories. In December 2009 NASA issued a final report on the Apollo 11 telemetry tapes. Engineers at NASA's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, began the first of a series of modal tests on a structural representation of the crew module adapter (CMA) for Orion. "The Service Module is . [165], On September 1, 2009, India's lunar mission Chandrayaan-1 took photos of the Apollo 15 landing site and tracks of the lunar rovers. It's home to the antenna that received the first images of Neil Armstrong walking on the moon. 5. Get top stories, military space news and more delivered to your inbox. Measuring 100' in diameter and 122' high, it was ideal for testing the Mars lander systems and International Space Station hardware. Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. 3. The inspector general recommended NASA create a long-term strategy for either maintaining or disposing of underutilized infrastructure at Plum Brook. By 1977 the Hare Krishna magazine Back to Godhead called the landings a hoax, claiming that, since the Sun is 150millionkm (93millionmi) away, and "according to Hindu mythology the Moon is 800,000 miles [1,300,000km] farther away than that", the Moon would be nearly 151millionkm (94millionmi) away; to travel that span in 91 hours would require a speed of more than a million miles per hour, "a patently impossible feat even by the scientists' calculations. 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